New paper out today: Exotic trees can serve both pest management and conservation goals
Native red maple tree infested with scale insects. Notice dead twigs, leaf loss, and thinning canopy due to scale insect feeding and environmental stress. Photo: SD Frank
Many scientists, conservationists, and gardeners advocate planting native trees as a way to enhance conservation in urban areas. This is based on the assertion that native trees support more caterpillars and other insects than exotic trees and thus more birds. Native trees often do support more herbivores but, unfortunately, this means they could also have more pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence.
Conflicts between conservation and pest management goals are not often addressed by native plant advocates. Red maples and willow oaks, both native and common urban trees, frequently become so infested with scale insects that insecticides are applied to preserve tree health and beauty. A native tree sprayed with insecticide is probably of little conservation value. A red maple branch heavily infested with gloomy scales. Photo: AG Dale
Also, birds are not the only beneficiaries of tree services. People need trees to cool urban environments, filter air, and make urban spaces generally more healthful and pleasant. However, pest infestations are often worst on trees in the most urban areas where people need trees the most. Exotic trees, with fewer pests, may flourish in these sites to benefit people even if not birds.
But does it have to be one or the other? Conservation or pest management? People or birds? I don’t think so, and a new paper from our lab in PeerJ supports this perspective. Caterpillars and other herbivores support birds as well as predators like this fiery searcher (Calosoma scrutator). Photo: SD Frank.
We counted scale insects on native and exotic species of maples and oaks to determine which supported the most herbivores, or spun the other way which were most susceptible to pests. In addition, we counted the predators and parasitoids present in the trees. This would tell us if exotic trees supported some insect diversity, even if not as much as the natives. Birds don’t just eat caterpillars, they eat plenty of spiders and lady beetles and other predators too. Caterpillars and other herbivores support birds as well as predators like this jumping spider that feed on almost anything. Photo: SD Frank.
Scale insects were more abundant on native red maples and native white oaks than on any of the exotic species in both years of our research (2012 and 2016). Sometimes scales reached damaging levels on these trees that may prompt insecticide applications from concerned homeowners or landscapers. However, predator and parasitoid abundance and diversity were generally similar between native and exotic species of maples and oaks. In some cases, exotics even had richer predator and parasitoid communities than native species. Figure 1: Examples of study organisms. Examples of armored scale insects (A) obscure scales (Melanaspis obscura) on white oak (Q. alba) and (B) gloomy scales (M. tenebricosa) on red maple (A. rubrum) and parasitoid wasps (C) Encarsia spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), (D) Pachyneuron spp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and (E) Encyrtus spp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) that parasitize scale insects. Photos and identifications: Andrew Ernst. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6531/fig-1
We found that exotic urban trees serve a previously unrecognized conservation service by supporting robust communities of arthropod predators and parasitoids. This is a valuable contribution to biodiversity, particularly as concern increases about declines in arthropod populations. Long-Legged flies (Dolicopodidae) are predatory flies and among the most abundant natural enemies in our trees. Photo: SD FRank
We studied five maple and three oak species. We also did not count every herbivore. Notably we did not count caterpillars, which are frequently cited as native plant beneficiaries. Thus, studying other tree species and other insects could uncover some different responses. You can’t do everything.
However, our results make clear that exotic plants, particularly in pest prone locations, can serve pest management and conservation goals. Native trees may support more insect diversity in some cases but may perform best in low stress habitats like suburban yards and parks. Planting the right tree in the right place, be it native or exotic, to reduce pest infestations and promote tree health could be the most important factor in achieving urban conservation goals.
Read the full paper here:
Frank S.D., Backe K.M., McDaniel C., Green M., Widney S., Dunn R.R. (2019) Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests. PeerJ: 7:e6531 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6531.
