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September 2017 Newsletter

September 2017 Newsletter


 Welcome to the Southeast Climate Science Center’s September 2017 Newsletter.

In this newsletter you will find:

SE CSC News
Resources
Notable Publications
Tribal News
Partner News
Webinars
Upcoming Events
Opportunities


For news and upcoming events related to the Southeast Climate Science Center subscribe to our monthly newsletter.

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Photo Credits: Alan Cressler, USGS

Southeast Climate Science Center News


Meet Our Cohort of Fall 2017 Global Change Fellows. The Southeast Climate Science Center has named 6 new Global Change Fellows for the Fall Semester of the 2017-18 academic year. These exceptional NC State graduate students represent diverse fields of study from civil engineering to entomology. They will meet together throughout the year, bringing their diverse perspectives and disciplines to the challenges of global change. Learn more.

Hiring Announcement: Decision Modeling for Climate Adaptation Planning Post Doc. The SE CSC is partnering to hire a Post Doctoral Research Associate to design, test, and interpret multi-attribute optimization models to support climate adaptation and planning for the management of cultural resources (e.g. historic buildings) at two National Park Service sites. The position will work closely with SE CSC and USGS decision analysts Mitch Eaton and Max Post van der Burg, collaborating with social scientists in refining valuation frameworks and cost estimates for management actions, as well as the evaluation of expected effects of management actions. Office space will be provided at the SE CSC. Learn more.
Listening Sessions in the US Caribbean. SE CSC Director Jerry McMahon, Deputy Director Ryan Boyles, and Assistant University Director Aranzazu Lascurain recently completed several listening sessions in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The sessions provided general information about climate science and the SE CSC, and engaged discussion about resource management issues of concern among participating scientists and managers from natural and cultural resource agencies.
Communicating Progress on Avian Conservation Planning in the Gulf of Mexico.The Gulf of Mexico is home to hundreds of bird species, which serve as indicators of coastal ecosystem health. A new website describes the vision and conservation strategies of the Gulf of Mexico Avian Monitoring Network, a collaborative effort between scientists and land managers to monitor coastal birds and their habitats. SE CSC Research Ecologist Mitchell Eaton played an early role in the development of the Network and its objectives. Learn more.
ECCF: Using Climate Projections in the (Almost) Real World. Early Career Scientists share their experiences at a workshop at the 2017 National Adaptation Forum, where they problem-solve a real-life scenario regarding climate change projections, data analysis, and decision making. SE CSC Deputy Director Ryan Boyles and Program Coordinator Cari Furiness assisted in facilitating the session. Read the blog post.
Conservation Corridor, The Altamaha River Corridor: conservation through cooperation. The Altamaha River corridor in Southeastern Georgia is an example of government, nonprofit groups, and industry coming together to protect natural habitats and biodiversity. Learn more.
New Tribal Climate Liaison. The Southeast Climate Science Center is pleased to announce the hire of a new staff member, Casey C. Thornbrugh, as the Tribal Climate Science Liaison for the Southeast and Northeast Climate Science Centers. Casey acts the liaison between Tribes in the Northeast and the Southeast, the United South and Eastern Tribes Inc. (USET), the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and climate science researchers. Based out of the Northeast CSC at UMass-Amherst, he will provide current climate science information to Tribal Nations on the East Coast and in Gulf Coast states, as well as identify climate research needs and priorities, and provide climate adaptation planning support for the Tribes. Learn more.
CSC Presentations at The Wildlife Society’s 2017 Annual Meeting. Are you headed to The Wildlife Society’s 2017 Annual Meeting (September 23-27, 2017) in Albuquerque, New Mexico? If so, be sure to check out these presentations from staff, students, and partners of the Climate Science Centers! Their research spans a variety of topics, from marsh birds to gopher tortoises, sea-level rise to habitat connectivity, and more. The SE CSC will be well represented with SE CSC PI Clint Moore and Global Change Fellow Paul Taillie presenting research. Learn more.
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Resources


FEATURED RESOURCE

i-Tree Landscape

i-Tree is a state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed software suite from the USDA Forest Service that provides urban and rural forestry analysis and benefits assessment tools. The i-Tree Tools help communities of all sizes to strengthen their forest management and advocacy efforts by quantifying the structure of trees and forests, and the environmental services that trees provide. Learn more.


Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority announces 2017 Coastal Master Plan Data is now available for download at the Master Plan Data Viewer. The Master Plan Data Viewer is a web-based, geospatial visualization tool that integrates and displays results from CPRA’s 2017 Coastal Master Plan effort. The viewer was developed to help coastal Louisiana communities better understand their flood risk and how this risk may change in the future. The viewer also provides information about the state’s holistic restoration and risk reduction strategy for the Louisiana coast. Learn more.

Where to Find Science Communication Internships. Science communication internships can be difficult to find. To ease the burden, Code Like A Girl recently published an article listing several possible paying science communication internships as well as giving pointers and tips on how to find and get science communication internships. Learn more.
The Sea Ice Blues by Bill Schlesinger. William H. Schlesinger recently published a post on the Duke Citizen Science Blog. His post explains the loss of Arctic Sea ice in a comprehensible way for any audience. Link to post.
NOAA Climate Data Snapshots. These climate maps developed by NOAA comprise a range of easy-to-understand maps and descriptions in a single interface. Each “snapshot” is a public-friendly version of global data such as temperature, precipitation, drought, severe storms, outlooks, and ocean parameters. Learn more.
Insights from a new high-resolution drought atlas for the Caribbean spanning 1950 to 2016. Understanding drought variability and its trends is therefore critical for improving resiliency and adaptation capacity of the Caribbean, as well as for assessing the dynamics and predictability of regional hydroclimate across spatial and temporal scales. This work introduces a first of-its-kind high-resolution drought dataset for the Caribbean from 1950 to 2016, using monthly estimates of the “self-calibrating” Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI), with the physically based Penman-Monteith approximation for the potential evapotranspiration. Results indicate that the 2013–2016 drought is the most severe event during the time interval analyzed in this work, which agrees with qualitative reports of many meteorological institutions across the Caribbean. This effort is the first step in building high-resolution drought products for the Caribbean to be updated regularly, with the purpose of drought monitoring and eventually seasonal drought prediction. Learn more.
New nonprofit to aid grassland conservation in the Southeast. The Southeastern Grasslands Initiative (SGI) is a collaboration of leaders in international biodiversity conservation led by the Austin Peay State University Center of Excellence for Field Biology, in partnership with the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, North Carolina Botanical Garden, and Roundstone Native Seed. The SGI seeks to integrate research, consultation, and education, along with the administration of grants, to create innovative solutions to address the multitude of complex issues facing Southeastern grasslands, the most imperiled ecosystems in eastern North America. Learn more.

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Notable Publications


Rapid adaptive responses to climate change in corals. Scientists have issued advice that more research is urgently required to determine whether corals can acclimate and adapt to the rapid pace of climate change. Link to article.
Extreme weather exposure and support for climate change adaptation. People who recently experienced severe weather events such as floods, storms, and drought are more likely to support policies to adapt to the effects of climate change, according to a new study. Link to article.
Climatic vulnerability of the world’s freshwater and marine fishes. Researchers integrate physiological estimates of thermal sensitivity for 2,960 ray-finned fishes with future climatic exposure, and demonstrate that global patterns of vulnerability differ substantially between freshwater and marine realms. Results suggest that climatic vulnerability for freshwater faunas will be predominantly determined by elevated levels of climatic exposure predicted for the Northern Hemisphere, whereas marine faunas in the tropics will be the most at risk, reflecting their higher intrinsic sensitivity. Spatial overlap between areas of high physiological risk and high human impacts, together with evidence of low past rates of evolution in upper thermal tolerance, highlights the urgency of global conservation actions and policy initiatives if harmful climate effects on the world’s fishes are to be mitigated in the future. Link to article.
Nuisance flooding and relative sea-level rise: the importance of present-day land motion. The East Coast of the United States is threatened by more frequent flooding in the future. According to this study, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina are most at risk. Their coastal regions are being immersed by up to three millimeters per year — among other things, due to human intervention. Link to article.
Agriculture erases climate-driven β-diversity in neotropical bird communities. Climate change and habitat conversion to agriculture are working together to homogenize nature. In other words, the more things change, the more they are the same. Link to article.
Unexpected changes in community size structure in a natural warming experiment. Natural ecosystems typically consist of many small and few large organisms. The scaling of this negative relationship between body mass and abundance has important implications for resource partitioning and energy usage. Global warming over the next century is predicted to favour smaller organisms, producing steeper mass–abundance scaling and a less efficient transfer of biomass through the food web. Here, researchers show that the opposite effect occurs in a natural warming experiment involving 13 whole-stream ecosystems within the same catchment, which span a temperature gradient of 5–25 °C. Link to article.
Climate change impacts on harmful algal blooms in U.S. freshwaters: a screening-level assessment. Researchers developed a modeling framework that predicts the effect of climate change on cyanobacteria concentrations in large reservoirs in the contiguous U.S. The framework, which uses climate change projections from five global circulation models, two greenhouse gas emission scenarios, and two cyanobacterial growth scenarios, is unique in coupling climate projections with a hydrologic/water quality network model of the contiguous United States. Thus, it generates both regional and nationwide projections useful as a screening-level assessment of climate impacts on CyanoHAB prevalence as well as potential lost recreation days and associated economic value. From a regional perspective, researchers find the largest increases in CyanoHAB occurrence in the Northeast U.S., while the greatest impacts to recreation, in terms of costs, are in the Southeast. Link to article.
Landowner behavior can determine the success of conservation strategies for ecosystem migration under sea-level rise. The human aspects of conservation are often overlooked but will be critical for identifying strategies for biological conservation in the face of climate change. Researchers surveyed the behavioral intentions of coastal landowners with respect to various conservation strategies aimed at facilitating ecosystem migration for tidal marshes. Researchers found that several popular strategies, including conservation easements and increasing awareness of ecosystem services, may not interest enough landowners to allow marsh migration at the spatial scales needed to mitigate losses from sea-level rise. Results show that failure to incorporate human dimensions into ecosystem modeling and conservation planning could lead to the use of ineffective strategies and an overly optimistic view of the potential for ecosystem migration into human-dominated areas. Link to article.
Google haul out: earth observation imagery and digital aerial surveys in coastal wildlife management and abundance estimation. As the sampling frequency and resolution of Earth observation imagery increase, there are growing opportunities for novel applications in population monitoring. Here, researchers present a method that estimates regional seasonal abundances for an understudied and growing population of gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in southeastern Massachusetts, using opportunistic observations in Google Earth imagery. The result is a first regional understanding of gray seal abundance in the northeast US through opportunistic Earth observation imagery and repurposed animal telemetry data. As species observation data from Earth observation imagery become more ubiquitous, such methods provide a robust, adaptable, and cost-effective solution to monitoring animal colonies and understanding species abundances. Link to article.
Allowable ‘carbon budget’ most likely overestimated. While most climate scientists, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, implicitly define ‘pre-industrial’ to be in the late 1800s, a true non-industrially influenced baseline is probably further in the past, according to an international team of researchers who are concerned because it affects the available carbon budget for meeting the 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) warming limit agreed to in the Paris Conference of 2015. Learn more.
Defining a new normal for extremes in a warming world. The term “new normal” has been used in scientific literature and public commentary to contextualize contemporary climate events as an indicator of a changing climate due to enhanced greenhouse warming. A new normal has been used broadly but tends to be descriptive and ambiguously defined. Here researchers review previous studies conceptualizing this idea of a new climatological normal and argue that this term should be used cautiously and with explicit definition in order to avoid confusion. Applying this method to the record-breaking global-average 2015 temperatures as a reference event and a suite of model climate models, they determine that 2015 global annual-average temperatures will be the new normal by 2040 in all emissions scenarios. Learn more.
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Tribal News 


Launch of the Northeast Indigenous Climate Resilience Network. The Northeast Indigenous Climate Resilience Network is a new online resource for tribal members, scientists, and supporting partners to connect and find climate change and adaptation research, resources, and capacity building opportunities. The tool was developed by the Sustainable Development Institute at the College of Menominee Nation with funding from the Northeast CSC. Learn more.

Apply Now for Native American Research Assistantships. The U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Premier Partner of The Wildlife Society, is sponsoring a research assistantship program for Native American students. This is the second third year for the program, which will facilitate mentoring opportunities for USFS Research & Development (R&D) scientists with the students and promote student advancement and training for careers in natural resource and conservation-related fields. Learn more.
Fall 2017 Tribal Environmental Health Forum Indigenous Environmental Stewards: Bridging Tribal Communities to Healthy Futures. The Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center hosts “Indigenous Environmental Stewards: Bridging Tribal Communities to Healthy Futures,” an open forum for tribal community members, tribal leaders, university professionals, students interested in environmental health, educators, and tribal environmental and health professionals to explore and create action plans for the important environmental issues that impact the health of tribal communities. October 19-20, 2017 | Gila River Indian Community. Learn more.
Hiring Announcement: Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology. The Anthropology Department at Wesleyan University invites applications from scholars specializing in Indigenous Ecologies in the Americas for the position of tenure-track assistant professor beginning July 1, 2018. Welcome specializations include: environmental anthropology (e.g. nature, natural resources, and/or extractive economies), indigenous knowledges and practices, cosmopolitics, anthropology of nonhuman worlds or human-nonhuman relations, biodiversity, land and social movements, food ethics, sovereignty, and health and biopolitics. Learn more.

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Partner News


LCC News

Appalachian LCC
Recovery: Farm Bill Provides Hope for the Cerulean Warbler. Learn more.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Northeast Region Updates Federal Endangered Species Act. Learn more. Learn more.
New Article on the Influence of Arsenic and Sulfate on Freshwater Mussel Gene Expression. Learn more.

Caribbean LCC
U.S. Marine Protected Area Classification System. Learn more.
North American Association for Environmental Educators Annual Conference and Annual Research Symposium. Learn more.
Gulf Coast Prairie LCC
What the President’s budget could mean for LCCs and the desire on the part of partners to continue cooperative conservation. Learn more.
Good News from the South-Central Monarch Symposium. Learn more.
Private lands in the Gulf Coast Prairie region: conservation food for thought. Learn more.
Gulf Coastal Plains & Ozarks LCC
LCC Back-to-School Week. Learn more.
Mapping the South’s Protected Forests of the Future. Learn more.
State of the GCPO Progress Update: Upland Hardwoods Assessment for Review. Learn more.
Peninsular Florida LCC
Job Announcement: Tampa Bay Estuary Program Executive Director. Learn more.
Partnership for Gulf Coast Land Conservation: 8th Annual Conference. Learn more.
Modeling For Endangered Species Management Training. Learn more.
South Atlantic LCC
Thoughts from the coordinator. Learn more
Review draft Blueprint 2.2 implementation strategy. Learn more.
Feedback needed for continental conservation vision in the East. Learn more.
 

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Webinars


Find more webinar information in our calendar.

Sep 20 | 12:00 PM-1:00 PM | How Does the Early 21st Century Drought in the U.S. Compare to the Drought Episodes of the 1930s and 1950s?

Sep 20 | 12:00 PM-1:15 PM | Where to Put the Water: Assessing the Vulnerability of Urban Stormwater Systems to a Changing Climate

Sep 20 | 3:00 PM-3:30 PM | Scaling Up: Landfire 101

Sep 28 | 12:00 PM-1:00 PM | Multidecadal Variability and Climate Shift in the North Atlantic Ocean

Oct 6 | 11:00 AM-12:00 PM | Considering forest and grassland carbon in land management

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Upcoming Events


Find more upcoming events in our calendar.

Sept 27 | Climate Crisis/Climate Hope with Bill McKibben | Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University
The Kenan Institute for Ethics will host author, educator and environmentalist Bill McKibben at 5 p.m., Sept. 27 at Duke Divinity School’s Goodson Chapel, where the renowned writer and activist will present the talk, “Climate Crisis/Climate Hope.” Learn more.

Sept 27 | Community Voices – Rising Seas: How will climate change affect the NC coast? | North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh, NC
Please join the News & Observer for a community forum on the topic “Rising Seas: How will climate change affect the NC coast?” A panel of experts on each subject will be discussing the topic at hand, followed by Q&A from guests. The events are free but space is limited so please register ahead of time. Learn more.

Nov 6-7 | 2017 Southeastern Grasslands Initiative Summit | Clarksville, TN
Austin Peay State University and the BAND Foundation are teaming up to host a summit November 6 and 7, 2017, in Clarksville, Tennessee, to celebrate the launch of the Southeast’s newest conservation organization – the Southeastern Grasslands Initiative (SGI).  SGI is a developing nonprofit organization working to assemble a team of some of the most creative minds and innovative organizations in grassland conservation to serve as a clearinghouse for scientific and conservation-related information on Southeastern grasslands. RSVP at alumni@apsu.edu or (931) 221-7222.

Feb 5-8 2018 | 2018 Social Coast Forum | Charleston, SC
Understanding people—where they live, what they do, what they value—is an important part of successful coastal management. Participate in the fourth biennial Social Coast Forum to see and share how social science tools and methods are being used to address the nation’s coastal issues. The forum will begin with optional training sessions on Monday afternoon, February 5 with the meeting formally kicking off on Tuesday morning, February 6.  The forum will end mid-day on Thursday, February 8. Learn more.
May 7-11 2018 | 3rd Bark & Ambrosia Beetle Academy | University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
At this workshop, participants will learn bark and ambrosia beetle identification with emphasis on invasive species, using printed and online keys, and understanding scolytine morphology, ecology, damage, symptoms, and classification. We also provide an introduction to beetle management and field diagnostics, including several field trip to outbreak sites. Added this year: everyone can take home a unique Reference Collection of the world’s most invasive bark and ambrosia beetles. Register as soon as possible! In 2014 and 2016 the Academy filled up within two months of the announcement. Learn more.
At NC State
Sep 28 | Networks or Neighborhoods? Simulating the Dynamics of Water Reuse Adoption and Impacts on Infrastructure Management | Jordan Hall 5103
Dr. Emily Berglund, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil, Construction, & Environmental Engineering, NC State presents Networks or Neighborhoods? Simulating the Dynamics of Water Reuse Adoption and Impacts on Infrastructure Management at the Geospatial Forum. Learn more.
Sep 28 | The Untold Stories of GMO Pioneers: With Keynote Speaker Dan Charles, Author and NPR Food and Agriculture Correspondent | James B. Hunt Jr. Library
Dan Charles is NPR’s food and agriculture correspondent, and author of Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food, which chronicles the dramatic emergence of agricultural genetic engineering, and features GES Center Co-Director Dr. Fred Gould. Learn more.
Sept 28 | Triangle Global Health 2017 Annual Conference | Talley Student Union
Be part of the Third Annual Global Health Conference.This year’s theme, Making a Difference: Global Health and its Social, Economic, and Political Impact, reflects the inextricable links that exist between global health and each of these realms. Our 2017 conference will explore these complex relationships and highlight how our work is making a difference at the individual, community, and societal levels. Learn more.
Oct 2 | Sustaining Forest Productivity: New insights from soils to space | 1216 Jordan Hall Addition
Sustaining Forest Productivity: New insights from soils to space – Dr. Rachel Cook, Assistant Professor and Co-Director of the Forest Productivity Cooperative. Learn more.
Oct 12 | Natural Disturbances and Forest Resilience: Lessons from Yellowstone | Talley Student Union
The Frederick and Joan Barkalow Distinguished Conservationist Lecture. Dr. Monica Turner, Eugene P. Odum Professor of Ecology and Vilas Research Professor at the University of Wisconsin. Learn more.
Oct 12 | Machine Learning-based Open Access Data Mining as the Latest Frontier in Geospatial Analytics and Global Conservation: Overcoming a Destructive Science Policy Culture as your ‘Number 1’ Constraint | Jordan Hall 5103
Dr. Falk Huettmann, Associate Professor of Wildlife Ecology, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) presents Machine Learning-based Open Access Data Mining as the Latest Frontier in Geospatial Analytics and Global Conservation: Overcoming a Destructive Science Policy Culture as your ‘Number 1’ Constraint at the Geospatial Forum. Learn more.

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Opportunities


Hiring Announcements

SE CSC, Decision Modeling for Climate Adaptation Planning Post Doc. Design, test, and interpret multi-attribute optimization models to support climate adaptation and planning for the management of cultural resources (e.g. historic buildings) at two National Park Service sites. Work in close collaboration with the Southeast Climate Science Center and USGS decision analysts (Dr. Mitch Eaton and Dr. Max Post van der Burg). Assist or lead in writing grant proposals, technical and non-technical reports, fact sheets, other public-audience deliverables, and peer-reviewed journal articles. Lead and collaborate in web-based training. Office space will be provided in the Southeast Climate Science Center, located on NC State University’s main campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. Learn more.
Wesleyan University, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology. The Anthropology Department at Wesleyan University invites applications from scholars specializing in Indigenous Ecologies in the Americas for the position of tenure-track assistant professor beginning July 1, 2018. Welcome specializations include: environmental anthropology (e.g. nature, natural resources, and/or extractive economies), indigenous knowledges and practices, cosmopolitics, anthropology of nonhuman worlds or human-nonhuman relations, biodiversity, land and social movements, food ethics, sovereignty, and health and biopolitics. Learn more.
Blue Ridge Corridor Alliance is excited to announce a new position with our organization. The BRCA is looking for the right candidate to move us forward in the area of data and reporting to help market our corridor. Part-Time Research Assistant position is ideally suited for a Masters student enrolled through the 2017-2018 academic year looking for relevant, part-time, paid experience. To apply, email Will Gaskins at will@hillsboroughstreet.org
Louisiana State University Board of Regents PhD Fellowship. The School of Renewable Natural Resources at Louisiana State University seeks an outstanding student for a Board of Regents PhD fellowship to begin in Fall 2018. The fellowship pays 30K/year for four years and includes a tuition waiver. Active research programs in the School include a diverse array of topics, such as avian ecology, conservation genetics, wetlands ecology, fisheries, and forestry. Learn more.
Mississippi State University Postdoctoral Associate. MSU post-doctoral associate sought to work on Southeast Species-at-Risk modeling, starting Jan 2018. Questions regarding this position should be sent to both Kristine Evans (kristine.evans@msstate.edu) and Garrett Street (gms246@msstate.edu).  Learn more.
Research Grants
Sigma Xi | Grants-in-Aid of Research Program
Undergraduate and graduate students studying climate science have a new opportunity to receive funding for their research. The Grants-in-Aid of Research (GIAR) program from Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society is in the process of adding climate science to the list of disciplines that it will support. GIAR will start accepting applications for the new category in the Fall 2017 cycle. The application for that cycle has been posted online. The deadline to apply is October 1.
NSF | Paleo Perspectives on Climate Change
The goal of research funded under the interdisciplinary P2C2 solicitation is to utilize key geological, chemical, atmospheric (gas in ice cores), and biological records of climate system variability to provide insights into the mechanisms and rate of change that characterized Earth’s past climate variability, the sensitivity of Earth’s climate system to changes in forcing, and the response of key components of the Earth system to these changes.  Important scientific objectives of P2C2 are to: 1) provide comprehensive paleoclimate data sets that can serve as model test data sets analogous to instrumental observations; and 2) enable transformative syntheses of paleoclimate data and modeling outcomes to understand the response of the longer-term and higher magnitude variability of the climate system that is observed in the geological and cryospheric records.
NSF | Dear Colleague Letter: NSF Accepting Proposals Related to Hurricane Harvey
The National Science Foundation (NSF) and its staff are deeply concerned for the people and institutions affected by Hurricane Harvey and its aftermath. Through this Dear Colleague Letter (DCL), NSF encourages the submission of proposals that seek to address the challenges related to this storm. NSF also will support fundamental science and engineering research projects whose results may enable our country to better prepare for, respond to, recover from, or mitigate future catastrophic events. Research proposals relating to a better fundamental understanding of the impacts of the storm (physical, biological and societal), human aspects of natural disasters (including first responders and the general public), emergency response methods, and approaches that promise to reduce future damage also are welcome.

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**For feedback or suggested newsletter content, please content Cari Furiness at cari_furiness@ncsu.edu**